Arizona Educator Proficiency Assessments (AEPA) Practice Exam 2025 – Your All-in-One Guide to Exam Mastery!

In Erikson's theory, during the Industry vs. Inferiority stage, which typically occurs between the ages of 6 and 12, children are working to develop a sense of competence and achievement in their skills and abilities. When parents exhibit extreme or overly controlling parenting styles, this can impede a child's sense of mastery. Instead of feeling industrious and capable, children may develop feelings of inferiority if they feel they cannot meet parental expectations or if their efforts are overly criticized.

The potential negative outcome of feelings of shame and doubt arises when children internalize their perceived failures in comparison to standards set by excessively demanding or neglectful caregivers. These feelings can hinder their self-image and discourage them from trying new challenges, as they may grow to believe that they are incapable or unworthy of success.

In contrast, excessive independence can lead to a sense of self-reliance, while high self-esteem is an outcome of supportive or appropriately challenging environments that foster success. Mastery of academic skills is typically a positive outcome one would hope to see in this stage, driven by constructive feedback and encouragement from caregivers. Thus, the recognition of shame and doubt captures the detrimental effects of extreme parenting, highlighting their profound impact on a child's development during this critical stage.